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Table of Contents
Every chapter ends with Summary, Key Terms, and Questions for Critical Thinking.
CHAPTER 1 STUDYING SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
USING SOCIOLOGICAL INSIGHTS TO STUDY SOCIAL PROBLEMS
What Is a Social Problem?
The Sociological Imagination: Bringing Together the Personal and the Social
¿ Box 1.1 Social Problems and Social Policy
A Stand-off on Gun Control Policy?
DO WE HAVE A PROBLEM? SUBJECTIVE AWARENESS AND OBJECTIVE REALITY
¿ Box 1.2 Critical Thinking and You
Determining What Constitutes a Social Problem
USING SOCIAL THEORY TO ANALYZE SOCIAL PROBLEMS
The Functionalist Perspective
The Conflict Perspective
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
¿ Box 1.3 Social Problems in the Media
“If It Bleeds, It Leads”? News Reporting on Violence
USING SOCIAL RESEARCH METHODS TO STUDY SOCIAL PROBLEMS
Field Research
Survey Research
Secondary Analysis of Existing Data
In Sum
CHAPTER 2 WEALTH AND POVERTY: U.S. AND GLOBAL ECONOMIC INEQUALITIES
WEALTH AND POVERTY IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
ANALYZING U.S. CLASS INEQUALITY
¿ Box 2.1 Social Problems in Global Perspective
“Cheap Labor” and the Global Economy
Wealth versus Income Inequality
Divisions in the U.S. Class Structure
POVERTY IN THE UNITED STATES
¿ Box 2.2 Social Problems and Statistics
Poverty in the United States
The Poverty Line
Who Are the Poor?
Consequences of Poverty
SOCIAL WELFARE IN THE UNITED STATES
¿ Box 2.3 Social Problems and Social Policy
Does One Size Fit All?
Explanations for Poverty
Can Class-Based Inequality Be Reduced?
CHAPTER 3 RACIAL AND ETHNIC INEQUALITY
RACIAL AND ETHNIC INEQUALITY AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM
What Are Race and Ethnicity?
“Official” Racial and Ethnic Classifications
Dominant and Subordinate Groups
RACISM, PREJUDICE, AND DISCRIMINATION
¿ Box 3.1 Sociology in Global Perspective
The Polish Plumber in France: Negative Stereotypes about “Cheap Labor”
PERSPECTIVES ON RACIAL AND ETHNIC INEQUALITY
Social-Psychological Perspectives
Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives
¿ Box 3.2 Social Problems in the Media
The Color of Mayhem: Racial Stereotyping, Sexism, and Violence in Video Games
Functionalist Perspectives
Conflict Perspectives
INEQUALITIES AMONG RACIAL AND ETHNIC GROUPS
Native Americans (American Indians)
African Americans
Latinos/as (Hispanic Americans)
¿ Box 3.3 Social Problems and Statistics
Accurate and Inaccurate Comparisons
Asian and Pacific Americans
¿ Box 3.4 Social Problems and Social Policy
Social Justice: Beyond Black and White
Summary
CAN RACIAL AND ETHNIC INEQUALITIES BE REDUCED?
CHAPTER 4 GENDER INEQUALITY
GENDER INEQUALITY AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM
Defining Sex and Gender
Biological and Social Bases for Gender Roles
GENDER INEQUALITY AND SOCIALIZATION
Gender Socialization by Parents
¿ Box 4.1 Critical Thinking and You
Does Class Position Influence How We Think About Gender?
Peers and Gender Socialization
Education and Gender Socialization
Sports and Gender Socialization
¿ Box 4.2 Social Problems and Social Policy
Title IX and Gender Quotas in College Sports?
The Media and Gender Socialization
CONTEMPORARY GENDER INEQUALITY
The Gendered Division of Paid Work
The Wage Gap
Sexual Harassment
The Glass Ceiling and the Glass Escalator
The Double Shift
PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER INEQUALITY
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
The Functionalist Perspective
Conflict and Feminist Perspectives
GLOBAL GENDER INEQUALITY
¿ Box 4.3 Social Problems in Global Perspective
Missing Girls: Facing Up to the Problem in China
CAN GENDER INEQUALITY IN THE UNITED STATES BE REDUCED?
CHAPTER 5 INEQUALITY BASED ON AGE
AGEISM AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM
Age-Based Stereotypes
Social Inequality and the Life Course
¿ Box 5.1 Social Problems in the Media
Middle-Aged Women: Over the Hill and in Need of Repair?
¿ Box 5.2 Social Problems and Statistics
Drawing the Wrong Conclusion
Death and Dying
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH AGING
Workplace Discrimination
Retirement and Changing Roles
Health, Illness, and Health Care
¿ Box 5.3 Social Problems and Social Policy
Government-Funded Health Care for Older People: Medicare
Victimization
Family Problems and Social Isolation
Housing Patterns and Long-Term Care Facilities
PERSPECTIVES ON AGING AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY
The Functionalist Perspective
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
The Conflict Perspective
CAN AGE-BASED INEQUALITY BE REDUCED?
CHAPTER 6 INEQUALITY BASED ON SEXUAL ORIENTATION
NATURE AND EXTENT OF INEQUALITY BASED ON SEXUAL ORIENTATION
¿ Box 6.1 Social Problems and Statistics
How Many Gays and Lesbians?
IDEOLOGICAL BASES OF INEQUALITY BASED ON SEXUAL ORIENTATION
¿ Box 6.2 Social Problems in the Media
Depictions of Gay Men and Lesbians: Accurate Portrayals in Television Programming?
Religion and Sexual Orientation
Law and Sexual Orientation
DISCRIMINATION BASED ON SEXUAL ORIENTATION
Lack of Marital Rights
¿ Box 6.3 Social Problems and Social Policy
Should We Amend the U.S. Constitution to Define “Marriage”?
Parental Rights
Housing Discrimination
Discrimination in Medical Care
Occupational Discrimination
Discrimination in the Military
Victimization and Hate Crimes
PERSPECTIVES ON SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY
Biological and Psychological Perspectives
Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives
Functionalist and Conflict Perspectives
CAN INEQUALITIES BASED ON SEXUAL ORIENTATION BE REDUCED?
CHAPTER 7 PROSTITUTION, PORNOGRAPHY, AND THE SEX INDUSTRY
DEVIANCE, THE SEX INDUSTRY, AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS
PROSTITUTION IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
The World’s Oldest Profession?
The Global Sex Industry
¿ Box 7.1 Social Problems in Global Perspective
Economic Development or Childhood Sexual Slavery?
Health Aspects of Prostitution for Women
PROSTITUTION IN THE UNITED STATES
The Nature of Prostitution
The Extent of Prostitution
¿ Box 7.2 Social Problems and Statistics
What We Know and Don’t Know about Prostitution
Prostitution and Age, Class, and Race
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON PROSTITUTION
The Functionalist Perspective
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
The Conflict Perspective
PORNOGRAPHY
The Social Construction of Pornography as a Social Problem
The Nature and Extent of Pornography
¿ Box 7.3 Social Problems and Social Policy
The Issue of Real versus Virtual Actors in Internet Child Pornography
Research on Pornography
Pornography and Age, Gender, Class, and Race
THE FUTURE OF PORNOGRAPHY AND THE SEX INDUSTRY
CHAPTER 8 ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS
DRUG USE AND ABUSE
Defining Drug Abuse
Drug Addiction
ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE
¿ Box 8.1 Social Problems in the Media
The Two Faces of Alcohol: Framing Social Drinking and Alcoholism on TV Shows
Alcohol Consumption and Class, Gender, Age, and Race
Alcohol-Related Social Problems
TOBACCO (NICOTINE) USE AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM
PRESCRIPTION DRUGS, OVER-THE-COUNTER DRUGS, AND CAFFEINE
Prescription Drugs
Over-the-Counter Drugs
Caffeine
ILLEGAL DRUG USE AND ABUSE
Marijuana
¿ Box 8.2 Social Problems and Social Policy
The Battle over Marijuana: Medicalization or Legalization?
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Hallucinogens
EXPLANATIONS OF DRUG ABUSE
Biological Explanations
Psychological Explanations
Sociological Explanations
THE FUTURE OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG ABUSE
Prevention Programs
Treatment Programs
¿ Box 8.3 Critical Thinking and You
Calling on a Higher Power or Using Self-Reliance? Alcohol and Drug Abuse programs
CHAPTER 9 CRIME AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE
CRIME AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM
Problems with Official Statistics
Defining Crime and Delinquency
TYPES OF CRIMES
Violent Crime
¿ Box 9.1 Social Problems in the Media
Murder in the Media: Framing News Stories to Get Attention
Property Crime
¿ Box 9.2 Social Problems in Global Perspective
Who Am I? Identity Theft in the Global Village
Occupational (White-Collar) Crime
Corporate Crime
Organized Crime
Juvenile Delinquency
WHO COMMITS CRIMES?
BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS OF CRIME
Biological Explanations
Psychological Explanations
SOCIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS OF CRIME
The Functionalist Perspective
The Conflict Perspective
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
The Police
The Courts
Punishment and the Prisons
The Death Penalty
¿ Box 9.3 Social Problems and Social Policy
Crime Prevention or the Prison-Industrial Complex?
CHAPTER 10 HEALTH CARE: PROBLEMS OF PHYSICAL AND MENTAL ILLNESS
HEALTH CARE AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM
Acute and Chronic Diseases and Disability
¿ Box 10.1 Social Problems in Global Perspective
Global Enemies of Health: The Double Burden of Low-Income Nations
The AIDS Crisis
MENTAL ILLNESS AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM
Treatment of Mental Illness
Race, Class, Gender, and Mental Disorders
THE CRISIS IN U.S. HEALTH CARE
¿ Box 10.2 Social Problems and Social Policy
Who Pays for Health Care? A Brief Look at Canada, the United Kingdom, and Sweden
Health Care Organization, Rising Costs, and Unequal Access
The Uninsured and the Underinsured
¿ Box 10.3 Social Problems and Statistics
Families without Health Insurance
Race, Class, Gender, and Health Care
SOCIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROBLEMS
The Functionalist Perspective
The Conflict Perspective
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
CHAPTER 11 THE CHANGING FAMILY
THE NATURE OF FAMILIES
Changing Family Structure and Patterns
Are U.S. Families in Decline?
¿ Box 11.1 Social Problems in Global Perspective
The Changing Family around the World
Changing Views on Marriage and Families
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FAMILY-RELATED PROBLEMS
Functionalist Perspectives
Conflict and Feminist Perspectives
Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives
DIVERSITY IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS AND FAMILIES
Singlehood
Postponing Marriage
Cohabitation and Domestic Partnerships
Dual-Earner Marriages
Comparing Two-Parent and One-Parent Households
CHILD-RELATED FAMILY ISSUES
Reproductive Freedom, Contraception, and Abortion
Infertility and New Reproductive Technologies
Adoption
Teen Pregnancies and Unmarried Motherhood
DIVORCE AND REMARRIAGE
¿ Box 11.2 Social Problems and Statistics
The Odds of Getting Divorced
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
Child Abuse
Spouse Abuse
Social Responses to Domestic Violence
FAMILY-RELATED PROBLEMS IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
¿ Social Problems and Social Policy
Paying for Child Care? “It Takes a Village....”
CHAPTER 12 PROBLEMS IN EDUCATION
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON EDUCATION
Functionalist Perspectives
¿ Box 12.1 Social Problems in Global Perspective
Education in Japan: Cramming for Success and Corporate Profits
Conflict Perspectives
Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives
PROBLEMS IN U.S. EDUCATION
What Can Be Done about Illiteracy?
Immigration and Increasing Diversity in School
Educational Opportunities and Race, Class, and Gender
School Violence
PROBLEMS IN SCHOOL FINANCING
¿ Box 12.2 Social Problems in the Media
Ads and Obesity in the Classroom: Channel One
PROBLEMS IN HIGHER EDUCATION
The Soaring Cost of a College Education
The Continuing Debate over Affirmative Action
EDUCATIONAL PROBLEMS IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
¿ Social Problems and Statistics
Does Spending More Money Guarantee a Better Education?
CHAPTER 13 PROBLEMS IN POLITICS AND THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
THREE MAJOR MODERN ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
Capitalism
Socialism
Mixed Economies
PROBLEMS IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
Inequality Based on Uneven Economic Development
Transnational Corporations and the Lack of Accountability
¿ Box 13.1 Social Problems in Global Perspective
The Malling of China: Transnational Corporations and Global Consumerism
PROBLEMS IN THE U.S. ECONOMY
Concentration of Wealth
The National Debt and Consumer Debt
Corporate Welfare
¿ Box 13.2 Critical Thinking and You
Are You a Conservative or a Liberal? The Language of the Political Economy
PROBLEMS IN POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AROUND THE WORLD
PROBLEMS IN U.S. POLITICS
Voter Apathy and the Gender Gap
Politics and Money in Political Campaigns
¿ Box 13.3 Social Problems and Social Policy
“He Who Pays the Piper, Calls the Piper’s Tune?” Passing Campaign Finance Reform
Government by Special-Interest Groups
Government by Bureaucracy
The Military-Industrial Complex
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE POLITICAL ECONOMY
The Functionalist Perspective
The Conflict Perspective
PROBLEMS IN POLITICS AND THE ECONOMY IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
CHAPTER 14 PROBLEMS IN THE MEDIA
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE MEDIA IN CONTEMPORARY LIFE
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF MEDIA INDUSTRIES
Media Ownership and Control
Problems Associated with Convergence
¿ Box 14.1 Critical Thinking and You
Where Does Your News Come From? Should You Care?
GLOBAL MEDIA ISSUES
¿ Box 14.2 Social Problems in Global Perspective
Skewed Depictions of Africa in the Media
POTENTIAL MEDIA EFFECTS
Aggression, Violence, and the Media
Perpetuation of Race and Gender Stereotypes in the Media
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON MEDIA-RELATED PROBLEMS
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
The Functionalist Perspective
The Conflict Perspective
THE MEDIA IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
CHAPTER 15 POPULATION, GLOBAL INEQUALITY, AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS
GLOBAL OVERPOPULATION
Population Growth
¿ Box 15.1 Social Problems in Global Perspective
International Migration: Problem or Solution?
The Impact of Population Growth
World Hunger
CONTROLLING FERTILITY
Family Planning
Zero Population Growth
IMMIGRATION AND ITS CONSEQUENCES
¿ Box 15.2 Social Problems in the Media
Children in the Trunk? Framing Ads to Discourage Illegal Border Crossings
POPULATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Economic Growth and Environmental Degradation
Air Pollution
Problems with Water, Soil, and Forests
Solid, Toxic, and Nuclear Wastes
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON POPULATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT
¿ Box 15.3 Critical Thinking and You
Do We Have a Problem or Not? Learning from Environmental Sociology
The Functionalist Perspective
The Conflict Perspective
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
POPULATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
CHAPTER 16 URBAN PROBLEMS
CHANGES IN U.S. CITIES
Early Urban Growth and Social Problems
Contemporary Urban Growth
URBAN PROBLEMS IN THE UNITED STATES
Fiscal Crisis in the Cities
The Crisis in Health Care
Housing Problems
¿ Box 16.1 Social Problems in the Media
Media Framing of Stories about Homelessness and the Holidays
¿ Box 16.2 Social Problems and Social Policy
Persons Living with HIV/AIDS and Homelessness: What Should the Government Do?
Racial and Ethnic Segregation
PROBLEMS IN GLOBAL CITIES
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON URBAN PROBLEMS
The Functionalist Perspective
The Conflict Perspective
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
URBAN PROBLEMS IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
CHAPTER 17 GLOBAL SOCIAL PROBLEMS: WAR AND TERRORISM
WAR AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM
The Nature of War
The Consequences of War
¿ Box 17.1 Social Problems in the Media
“Weapons of Mass Destruction”: Political Spin and Media Framing of a War
MILITARY TECHNOLOGY AND WAR
GLOBAL TERRORISM
TERRORISM IN THE UNITED STATES
EXPLANATIONS OF WAR AND TERRORISM
Biological Perspectives
Psychological Perspectives
Sociological Explanations
WAR AND TERRORISM IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
¿ Box 17.2 Social Problems and Social Policy
Does the USA PATRIOT Act Protect Us or Threaten Our Liberties? Ask Your Librarian
CHAPTER 18 CAN SOCIAL PROBLEMS BE SOLVED?
¿ Box 18.1 Social Problems in the Media
Covering the Hurricane Katrina Disaster: Journalists as Advocates in New Orleans
THE PROBLEM WITH TACKLING SOCIAL PROBLEMS
SOCIAL CHANGE AND REDUCING SOCIAL PROBLEMS
MICROLEVEL ATTEMPTS TO SOLVE SOCIAL PROBLEMS
Seeking Individual Solutions to Personal Problems
Limitations on the Microlevel Solutions Approach
MIDRANGE ATTEMPTS TO SOLVE SOCIAL PROBLEMS
Groups That Help People Cope with Their Problems
Grassroots Groups That Work for Community-Based Change
Limitations on the Midlevel Solutions Approach
MACROLEVEL ATTEMPTS TO SOLVE SOCIAL PROBLEMS
Working through Special-Interest Groups for Political Change
Working through National and International Social Movements to Reduce Problems
Limitations on the Macrolevel Solution Approach
¿ Box 18.2 Critical Thinking and You
Applying Sociology to the Ordinary and to the Extraordinary in Everyday Life
FINAL REVIEW OF SOCIAL THEORIES AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
NAME INDEX
SUBJECT INDEX
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