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Table of Contents
NOTE: Both Brief and Comprehensive Tables of Contents are listed below.
BRIEF CONTENTS
VOLUME 1: FICTION
Talking with Amy Tan
1. Reading a Story
2. Point of View
3. Character
4. Setting
5. Tone and Style
6. Theme
7. Symbol
8. Reading Long Stories
9. Genre Fiction
10. Latin American Fiction
11. Critical Casebook: Flannery O'Connor
12. Critical Casebook: Three Stories in Depth (Nathaniel Hawthorne, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Alice Walker)
13. Stories for Further Reading
VOLUME 2: POETRY
Talking With Kay Ryan
14. Reading a Poem
15. Listening To a Voice
16. Words
17. Saying and Suggesting
18. Imagery
19. Figures of Speech
20. Song
21. Sound
22. Rhythm
23. Closed Form
24. Open Form
25. Symbol
26. Myth and Narrative
27. Poetry and Personal Identity
28. Translation
29. Poetry in Spanish: Literature of Latin America
30. Recognizing Excellence
31. What Is Poetry?
32. Three Critical Casebooks: Emily Dickinson, Langston Hughes, and Robert Frost
33. Critical Casebook: T.S. Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"
34. Poems for Further Reading
VOLUME 3: DRAMA
Talking with David Ives
35. Reading a Play
36. Modes of Drama: Tragedy and Comedy
37. Critical Casebook: Sophocles
38. Critical Casebook: Shakespeare
39. The Modern Theater
40. Evaluating a Play
41. Plays for Further Reading
VOLUME 4: WRITING
42. Writing About LIterature
43. Writing About a Story
44. Writing About a Poem
45. Writing About a Play
46. Writing a Research Paper
47. Writing As Discovery: Keeping a Journal
48. Writing an Essay Exam
29. Critical Approaches to Literature
Glossary of Literary Terms
Literary Credits
Photo Credits
Index of Major Themes
Index of First Lines of Poetry
Index of Authors and Titles
Index of Literary Terms
COMPREHENSIVE CONTENTS
VOLUME 1 Fiction
Talking with Amy Tan
1. Reading a Story
THE ART OF FICTION
TYPES OF SHORT FICTION
Sufi Legend, Death Has an Appointment in Samarra
A student tries to flee from Death in this brief, sardonic fable.
Aesop, The North Wind and the Sun
The North Wind and the Sun argue who is stronger and decide to try their powers on an unsuspecting traveler.
Bidpai, The Tortoise and the Geese
A fable that gives another dimension to Andrew Lang’s quip, “He missed an invaluable opportunity to hold his tongue.”
Chuang Tzu, Independence
The Prince of Ch’u asks the philosopher Chuang Tzu to become his advisor and gets a surprising reply in this classic Chinese fable.
Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm, Godfather Death
Neither God nor the Devil came to the christening. In this stark folktale, a young man receives magical powers with a string attached.
PLOT
THE SHORT STORY
John Updike, A & P
In walk three girls in nothing but bathing suits, and Sammy finds himself no longer an aproned checkout clerk but an armored knight.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Wilhelm Grimm on Writing, On the Nature of Fairy Tales
THINKING ABOUT PLOT
CHECKLIST: Writing About Plot
TOPICS FOR WRITING on plot
TERMS FOR REVIEW
2. Point of View
IDENTIFYING POINT OF VIEW
TYPES OF NARRATORS
how much does a narrator know?
STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS
William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily
Proud, imperious Emily Grierson defied the town from the fortress of her mansion. Who could have guessed the secret that lay within?
Edgar Allan Poe, The Tell-Tale Heart
The smoldering eye at last extinguished, a murderer finds that, despite all his attempts at a cover-up, his victim will be heard.
Eudora Welty, Why I Live at the P.O.
Since no one appreciates Sister, she decides to live at the Post Office. After meeting her family, you won’t blame her.
James Baldwin, Sonny’s Blues
Two brothers in Harlem see life differently. The older brother is the sensible family man, but Sonny wants to be a jazz musician.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
James Baldwin on Writing, Race and the African American Writer
THINKING ABOUT POINT OF VIEW
CHECKLIST: Writing About Point of View
topics for writing ON POINT OF VIEW
TERMS FOR REVIEW
3. Character
CHARACTERization
motvation
Katherine Anne Porter, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall
For sixty years Ellen Weatherall has fought back the memory of that terrible day, but now once more the priest waits in the house.
Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?
Alone in the house, Connie finds herself helpless before the advances of Arnold Friend, a spellbinding imitation teenager.
Neil Gaiman, How to Talk to Girls at Parties
Two teenage boys try to navigate their way through a party filled with exotic, mysterious girls.
Raymond Carver, Cathedral
He had never expected to find himself trying to describe a cathedral to a blind man. He hadn’t even wanted to meet this odd, old friend of his wife.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Raymond Carver on Writing, Commonplace but Precise Language
THINKING ABOUT CHARACTER
CHECKLIST: Writing About Character
topics for writing ON CHARACTER
TERMS FOR REVIEW
4. Setting
ELEMENTS OF SETTING
HISTORICAL FICTION
REGIONALISM
NATURALISM
Kate Chopin, The Storm
Even with her husband away, Calixta feels happily, securely married. Why then should she not shelter an old admirer from the rain?
Jack London, To Build a Fire
Seventy-five degrees below zero. Alone except for one mistrustful wolf dog, a man finds himself battling a relentless force.
ZZ Packer, Brownies
A Brownie troop of African American girls at camp declare war on a rival troop only to discover their humiliating mistake.
Amy Tan, A Pair of Tickets
A young woman flies with her father to China to meet two half sisters she never knew existed.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Amy Tan on Writing, Developing a Setting
THINKING ABOUT SETTING
CHECKLIST: Writing About Setting
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SETTING
TERMS FOR REVIEW
5. Tone and Style
TONE
STYLE
DICTION
Ernest Hemingway, A Clean, Well-Lighted Place
All by himself each night, the old man lingers in the bright café. What does he need more than brandy?
William Faulkner, Barn Burning
This time when Ab Snopes wields his blazing torch, his son Sarty faces a dilemma: whether to obey or defy the vengeful old man.
IRONY
O. Henry, The Gift of the Magi
A young husband and wife find ingenious ways to buy each other Christmas presents, in the classic story that defines the word “irony.”
Alice Munro, How I Met My Husband
When Edie meets the carnival pilot, her life gets more complicated than she expects.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Ernest Hemingway on Writing, The Direct Style
THINKING ABOUT TONE AND STYLE
CHECKLIST: Writing About Tone and Style
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON TONE AND STYLE
TERMS FOR REVIEW
6. Theme
PLOT VERSUS THEME
summarizing the THEME
FINDING THE THEME
Stephen Crane, The Open Boat
In a lifeboat circled by sharks, tantalized by glimpses of land, a reporter scrutinizes Fate and learns about comradeship.
Sandra Cisneros, The House on Mango Street
Does where we live tell what we are? A little girl dreams of a new house, but things don’t always turn out the way we want them to.
Luke, The Parable of the Prodigal Son
A father has two sons. One demands his inheritance now and leaves to spend it with ruinous results.
Kurt Vonnegut Jr., Harrison Bergeron
Are you handsome? Off with your eyebrows! Are you brainy? Let a transmitter sound thought-shattering beeps inside your ear.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Kurt Vonnegut Jr. on Writing, The Themes of Science Fiction
THINKING ABOUT THEME
CHECKLIST: Writing About Theme
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON THEME
TERMS FOR REVIEW
7. Symbol
ALLEGORY
SYMBOLS
RECOGNIZING SYMBOLS
John Steinbeck, The Chrysanthemums
Fenced-in Elisa feels emotionally starved–then her life promises to blossom with the arrival of the scissors-grinding man.
Tobias Wolff, Bullet in the Brain
Anders is in line when armed robbers enter the bank, and he can’t help but get involved.
Ursula K. Le Guin, The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas
Omelas is the perfect city. All of its inhabitants are happy. But everyone’s prosperity depends on a hidden evil.
Shirley Jackson, The Lottery
Splintered and faded, the sinister black box had worked its annual terror for longer than anyone in town could remember.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Shirley Jackson on Writing, Biography of a Story
THINKING ABOUT SYMBOLS
CHECKLIST: Writing About Symbols
Sample Student Paper on Symbols, An Analysis of the Symbolism in Steinbeck’s “The Chrysanthemums”
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SYMBOLS
TERMS FOR REVIEW
8. Reading Long Stories and Novels
ORIGINS OF THE NOVEL
NOVELISTIC METHODS
READING NOVELS
Leo Tolstoy, The Death of Ivan Ilych
The supreme Russian novelist tells how a petty, ambitious judge, near the end of his wasted life, discovers a harrowing truth.
Franz Kafka, The Metamorphosis
“When Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from troubled dreams, he found himself transformed in his bed into a monstrous insect.” Kafka’s famous opening sentence introduces one of the most chilling stories in world literature.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Franz Kafka on Writing, Discussing The Metamorphosis
THINKING ABOUT LONG STORIES AND NOVELS
CHECKLIST: Writing About Long Stories and Novels
TOPICS FOR WRITING on long stories and novels
TERMS FOR REVIEW
9. Genre Fiction
ROMANCE VERSUS REALISM
WHAT IS GENRE?
TYPES OF GENRE FICTION
GENRE AND POPULAR CULTURE
Ray Bradbury, A Sound of Thunder
In 2055, you can go on a Time Safari to hunt dinosaurs 60 million years ago. But put one foot wrong, and suddenly the future’s not what it used to be.
Ursula K. Le Guin, The Wife’s Story
Another full moon, and another terrible transformation–a surprising reversal of a familiar story.
H. P. Lovecraft, The Outsider
He had been locked in a gothic castle for his entire life, until the day he escaped, but what he discovered outside sent him running back to his dark captivity.
Dashiell Hammett, One Hour
Someone killed a man named Newhouse in broad daylight on a San Francisco street. Our detective is on the case.
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Ray Bradbury on Writing, Fall in Love at the Library
TOPICS FOR WRITING
TERMS FOR REVIEW
10. Latin American Fiction
“EL BOOM”
MAGIC REALISM
AFTER THE BOOM
Jorge Luis Borges, The Gospel According to Mark
A young man from Buenos Aires is trapped by a flood on an isolated ranch. To pass the time, he reads the Gospel to a family with unforeseen results.
Gabriel García Márquez, A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings
What do you do when a worn-out angel crashes in your yard? Sell tickets or call the priest?
Juan Rulfo, Tell Them Not to Kill Me!
A violent episode from decades past catches up with an old man. Will he be saved from the firing squad?
Inés Arredondo, The Shunammite
When Luisa went to visit her dying uncle, she had no idea that her life was about to change forever.
Writing effectively
Jorge Luis Borges on Writing, On Storytelling
TOPICS FOR WRITING
TERMS FOR REVIEW
11. Critical Casebook: Flannery O’Connor
FLANNERY O’CONNOR
A Good Man Is Hard to Find
Wanted: The Misfit, a cold-blooded killer. An ordinary family vacation leads to horror–and one moment of redeeming grace.
Revelation
Mrs. Turpin thinks herself Jesus’s favorite child, until she meets a troubled college girl. Soon violence flares in a doctor’s waiting room.
Parker’s Back
A tormented man tries to find his way to God and to his wife–by having himself tattooed.
FLANNERY O’CONNOR ON WRITING
Insights into “A Good Man Is Hard to Find”
On Her Catholic Faith
CRITICS ON FLANNERY O’CONNOR
J. O. Tate, A Good Source Is Not So Hard to Find: The Real Life Misfit
Louise S. Cowan, The Character of Mrs. Turpin in “Revelation”
Damian J. Ference, from “No Vague Believer”
Dean Flower, Listening to Flannery O’Connor
Lucinda Williams, Meeting Flannery O’Connor
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
TOPICS FOR WRITING
12. Critical Casebook: Three Stories in Depth
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE
Young Goodman Brown
Urged on through deepening woods, a young Puritan sees–or dreams he sees–good villagers hasten toward a diabolic rite.
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE ON WRITING
Reflections on Truth and Clarity in Literature
The Obscurest Man in American Letters
CRITICS ON HAWTHORNE
Herman Melville, Excerpt from a Review of Mosses from an Old Manse
Edgar Allan Poe, The Genius of Hawthorne’s Short Stories
CRITICS ON “YOUNG GOODMAN BROWN”
Richard H. Fogle, Ambiguity in “Young Goodman Brown”
Paul J. Hurley, Evil Wherever He Looks
Nancy Bunge, Complacency and Community
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
The Yellow Wallpaper
A doctor prescribes a “rest cure” for his wife after the birth of their child. The new mother tries to settle in to life in the isolated and mysterious country house they have rented for the summer. The cure proves worse than the disease in this Gothic classic.
CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN ON WRITING
Why I Wrote “The Yellow Wallpaper”
Whatever Is
The Nervous Breakdown of Women
CRITICS ON “THE YELLOW WALLPAPER”
Juliann Fleenor, Gender and Pathology in “The Yellow Wallpaper”
Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, Imprisonment and Escape: The Psychology of Confinement
ALICE WALKER
Everyday Use
When successful Dee visits from the city, she has changed her name to reflect her African roots. Her mother and sister notice other things have changed, too.
ALICE WALKER ON WRITING
Reflections on Writing and Women’s Lives
CRITICS ON “EVERYDAY USE”
Barbara T. Christian, “Everyday Use” and the Black Power Movement
Mary Helen Washington, “Everyday Use” as a Portrait of the Artist
Houston A. Baker and Charlotte Pierce-Baker, Stylish vs. Sacred in “Everyday Use”
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
TOPICS FOR WRITING
13. Stories For Further Reading
Chinua Achebe, Dead Men’s Path
The new headmaster of the village school was determined to fight superstition, but the villagers did not agree.
Sherman Alexie, This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona
The only one who can help Victor when his father dies is a childhood friend he’s been avoiding for years.
Isabel Allende, The Judge’s Wife
Revenge can take many different forms, but few are as strange as the revenge taken in this passionate tale.
Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings
John and Mary meet. What happens next? This witty experimental story offers five different outcomes.
Ambrose Bierce, An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge
At last, Peyton Farquhar’s neck is in the noose. Reality mingles with dream in this classic story of the American Civil War.
T. Coraghessan Boyle, Greasy Lake
Murky and strewn with beer cans, the lake appears a wasteland. On its shore three “dangerous characters” learn a lesson one grim night.
Willa Cather, Paul’s Case
Paul’s teachers can’t understand the boy. Then one day, with stolen cash, he boards a train for New York and the life of his dreams.
Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour
“There was something coming to her and she was waiting for it, fearfully. What was it? She did not know; it was too subtle and elusive to name.”
Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal
A young black man is invited to deliver his high school graduation speech to a gathering of a Southern town’s leading white citizens. What promises to be an honor turns into a nightmare of violence, humiliation, and painful self-discovery.
Zora Neale Hurston, Sweat
Delia’s hard work paid for her small house. Now her drunken husband Sykes has promised it to another woman.
Ha Jin, Saboteur
When the police unfairly arrest Mr. Chiu, he hopes for justice. After witnessing their brutality, he quietly plans revenge.
James Joyce, Araby
If only he can find her a token, she might love him in return. As night falls, a Dublin boy hurries to make his dream come true.
Jamaica Kincaid, Girl
“Try to walk like a lady, and not like the slut you are so bent on becoming.” An old-fashioned mother tells her daughter how to live.
Jhumpa Lahiri, Interpreter of Maladies
Mr. Kapasi’s life had settled into a quiet pattern–and then Mrs. Das and her family came into it.
D. H. Lawrence, The Rocking-Horse Winner
Wild-eyed “as if something were going to explode in him,” the boy predicts each winning horse, and gamblers rush to bet a thousand pounds.
Katherine Mansfield, Miss Brill
Sundays had long brought joy to solitary Miss Brill, until one fateful day when she happened to share a bench with two lovers in the park.
Guy de Maupassant, The Necklace
A woman enjoys one night of luxury–and then spends years of her life paying for it.
Tim O’Brien, The Things They Carried
What each soldier carried into the combat zone was largely determined by necessity, but each man’s necessities differed.
Daniel Orozco, Orientation
“Those are the offices and these are the cubicles.” Welcome to the first day of your new job.
David Foster Wallace, Everything Is Green
Mayfly and Mitch discuss difficult matters in their trailer.
Virginia Woolf, A Haunted House
Whatever hour you woke, a door was shutting. From room to room the ghostly couple walked, hand in hand.
VOLUME 2 Poetry
Talking with Kay Ryan
14. Reading A Poem
POETRY OR VERSE
HOW TO READ A POEM
Paraphrase
William Butler Yeats, The Lake Isle of Innisfree
Lyric Poetry
Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays
Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers
Narrative Poetry
Anonymous, Sir Patrick Spence
Robert Frost, “Out, Out–”
DRAMATIC POETRY
Robert Browning, My Last Duchess
DIDACTIC POETRY
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Adrienne Rich on Writing, Recalling “Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers”
THINKING ABOUT PARAPHRASING
William Stafford, Ask Me
William Stafford, A Paraphrase of “Ask Me”
CHECKLIST: Writing a Paraphrase
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON PARAPHRASING
TERMS FOR REVIEW
15. Listening To a Voice
TONE
Theodore Roethke, My Papa’s Waltz
Stephen Crane, The Wayfarer
Anne Bradstreet, The Author to Her Book
Walt Whitman, To a Locomotive in Winter
Emily Dickinson, I like to see it lap the Miles
Gwendolyn Brooks, Speech to the Young. Speech to the Progress-Toward
Weldon Kees, For My Daughter
THE SPEAKER IN THE POEM
Natasha Trethewey, White Lies
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Luke Havergal
Anonymous, Dog Haiku
William Wordsworth, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
Dorothy Wordsworth, Journal Entry
Charlotte Mew, The Farmer’s Bride
William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow
IRONY
Robert Creeley, Oh No
W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen
Sharon Olds, Rite of Passage
Sarah N. Cleghorn, The Golf Links
Edna St. Vincent Millay, Second Fig
Thomas Hardy, The Workbox
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
William Blake, The Chimney Sweeper
Richard Lovelace, To Lucasta
Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Wilfred Owen on Writing, War Poetry
THINKING ABOUT TONE
CHECKLIST: Writing About Tone
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON TONE
Sample Student Paper, Word Choice, Tone, and Point of View in Roethke’s “My Papa’s Waltz”
TERMS FOR REVIEW
16. Words
LITERAL MEANING: WHAT A POEM SAYS FIRST
William Carlos Williams, This Is Just to Say
DICTION
John Masefield, Cargoes
Robert Graves, Down, Wanton, Down!
John Donne, Batter my heart, three-personed God, for You
THE VALUE OF A DICTIONARY
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Aftermath
J. V. Cunningham, Friend, on this scaffold Thomas More lies dead
Samuel Menashe, Bread
Carl Sandburg, Grass
WORD CHOICE AND WORD ORDER
Robert Herrick, Upon Julia’s Clothes
Kay Ryan, Blandeur
Thomas Hardy, The Ruined Maid
Richard Eberhart, The Fury of Aerial Bombardment
Wendy Cope, Lonely Hearts
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
E. E. Cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town
Billy Collins, The Names
Anonymous, Carnation Milk
Gina Valdés, English con Salsa
William Wordsworth, My Heart Leaps Up When I Behold
William Wordsworth, Mutability
Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Lewis Carroll, Humpty Dumpty Explicates “Jabberwocky”
THINKING ABOUT DICTION
CHECKLIST: Writing About Diction
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON WORD CHOICE
TERMS FOR REVIEW
17. Saying and Suggesting
DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION
William Blake, London
Wallace Stevens, Disillusionment of Ten O’Clock
E. E. Cummings, next to of course god america i
Maria Hummel, The Tree
Timothy Steele, Epitaph
Diane Thiel, The Minefield
H. D., Sea Rose
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Tears, Idle Tears
Anne-Marie Thompson, Audiation
Richard Wilbur, Love Calls Us to the Things of This World
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Richard Wilbur on Writing, Concerning “Love Calls Us to the Things of This World”
THINKING ABOUT DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION
CHECKLIST: Writing About What a Poem Says and Suggests
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION
TERMS FOR REVIEW
18. Imagery
Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro
Taniguchi Buson, The piercing chill I feel
IMAGERY
T. S. Eliot, The winter evening settles down
Theodore Roethke, Root Cellar
Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish
Emily Dickinson, A Route of Evanescence
Jean Toomer, Reapers
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty
ABOUT HAIKU
Arakida Moritake, The falling flower
Matsuo Basho, Heat-lightning streak
Matsuo Basho, In the old stone pool
Taniguchi Buson, On the one-ton temple bell
Taniguchi Buson, Moonrise on mudflats
Kobayashi Issa, only one guy
Kobayashi Issa, Cricket
HAIKU FROM JAPANESE INTERNMENT CAMPS
Suiko Matsushita, Rain shower from mountain
Suiko Matsushita, Cosmos in bloom
Hakuro Wada, Even the croaking of frogs
Neiji Ozawa, The war–this year
CONTEMPORARY HAIKU
Nick Virgilio, The Old Neighborhood
Lee Gurga, Visitor’s Room
Penny Harter, broken bowl
Jennifer Brutschy, Born Again
Adelle Foley, Learning to Shave
Garry Gay, Hole in the ozone
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
John Keats, Bright star! would I were steadfast as thou art
Walt Whitman, The Runner
H. D., Heat
William Carlos Williams, El Hombre
Billy Collins, Embrace
Robert Bly, Driving to Town Late to Mail a Letter
Chana Bloch, Tired Sex
Gary Snyder, Mid-August at Sourdough Mountain Lookout
Kevin Prufer, Pause, Pause
Stevie Smith, Not Waving but Drowning
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Ezra Pound on Writing, The Image
THINKING ABOUT IMAGERY
CHECKLIST: Writing About Imagery
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON IMAGERY
Sample Student Paper, Faded Beauty: Elizabeth Bishop’s Use of Imagery in “The Fish”
TERMS FOR REVIEW
19. Figures of Speech
WHY SPEAK FIGURATIVELY?
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle
William Shakespeare, Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
Howard Moss, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?
METAPHOR AND SIMILE
Emily Dickinson, My Life had stood — a Loaded Gun
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Flower in the Crannied Wall
William Blake, To see a world in a grain of sand
Sylvia Plath, Metaphors
N. Scott Momaday, Simile
Emily Dickinson, It dropped so low — in my Regard
Jill Alexander Essbaum, The Heart
Craig Raine, A Martian Sends a Postcard Home
OTHER FIGURES OF SPEECH
James Stephens, The Wind
Robinson Jeffers, Hands
Margaret Atwood, You fit into me
George Herbert, The Pulley
Dana Gioia, Money
Carl Sandburg, Fog
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
Jane Kenyon, The Suitor
Robert Frost, The Secret Sits
Kay Ryan, Turtle
Emily Brontë, Love and Friendship
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Robert Frost on Writing, The Importance of Poetic Metaphor
THINKING ABOUT METAPHORS
CHECKLIST: Writing About Metaphors
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON FIGURES OF SPEECH
TERMS FOR REVIEW
20. Song
SINGING AND SAYING
Ben Jonson, To Celia
James Weldon Johnson, Sence You Went Away
William Shakespeare, Fear no more the heat o’ the sun
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory
Paul Simon, Richard Cory
BALLADS
Anonymous, Bonny Barbara Allan
Dudley Randall, Ballad of Birmingham
BLUES
Bessie Smith with Clarence Williams, Jailhouse Blues
W. H. Auden, Funeral Blues
RAP
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
Neko Case, This Tornado Loves You
Bob Dylan, The Times They Are a-Changin’
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Bob Dylan on Writing, Rhythm, Rime, and Songwriting from the Outside
THINKING ABOUT POETRY AND SONG
CHECKLIST: Writing About Song Lyrics
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SONG LYRICS
TERMS FOR REVIEW
21. Sound
SOUND AS MEANING
Alexander Pope, True Ease in Writing comes from Art, not Chance
William Butler Yeats, Who Goes with Fergus?
Edgar Allan Poe, from Ulalume
William Wordsworth, A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal
Aphra Behn, When maidens are young
ALLITERATION AND ASSONANCE
Frances Cornford, The Watch
James Joyce, All day I hear
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The splendor falls on castle walls
RIME
William Cole, On my boat on Lake Cayuga
Hilaire Belloc, The Hippopotamus
Bob Kaufman, No More Jazz at Alcatraz
William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan
Gerard Manley Hopkins, God’s Grandeur
How to read a POEM ALOUD
Michael Stillman, In Memoriam John Coltrane
William Shakespeare, When Daisies Pied and Violets Blue
T. S. Eliot, Virginia
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
T. S. Eliot on Writing, The Music of Poetry
THINKING ABOUT A POEM’S SOUND
CHECKLIST: Writing About a Poem’s Sound
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SOUND
TERMS FOR REVIEW
22. Rhythm
STRESSES AND PAUSES
STRESS AND Meaning
line endings
Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Break, Break, Break
George Gordon, Lord Byron, So We’ll Go No More a-Roving
Dorothy Parker, Résumé
METER
Edna St. Vincent Millay, Counting-out Rhyme
Edith Sitwell, Mariner Man
A. E. Housman, When I was one-and-twenty
William Carlos Williams, Smell!
Walt Whitman, Beat! Beat! Drums!
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Gwendolyn Brooks on Writing, Hearing “We Real Cool”
THINKING ABOUT RHYTHM
CHECKLIST: Scanning a Poem
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON RHYTHM
TERMS FOR REVIEW
23. Closed Form
the value of form
FORMAL PATTERNS
Ernest Dowson, “Days of Wine and Roses”
John Donne, Song (“Go and catch a falling star”)
Thomas M. Disch, Zewhyexary
THE SONNET
William Shakespeare, Let me not to the marriage of true minds
Michael Drayton, Since there’s no help, come let us kiss and part
Edna St. Vincent Millay, What lips my lips have kissed, and where, and why
Kim Addonizio, First Poem for You
Mark Jarman, Unholy Sonnet: Hands Folded
A. E. Stallings, Aftershocks
Amit Majmudar, Rites to Allay the Dead
R. S. Gwynn, Shakespearean Sonnet
Sherman Alexie, The Facebook Sonnet
Wilfred Owen, Anthem for Doomed Youth
THE EPIGRAM
Sir John Harrington, Of Treason
William Blake, To H–
Langston Hughes, Two Somewhat Different Epigrams
Dorothy Parker, The Actress
John Frederick Nims, Contemplation
Hilaire Belloc, Fatigue
Wendy Cope, Variation on Belloc’s “Fatigue”
Anonymous, Epitaph On A Dentist
OTHER FORMS
Dylan Thomas, Do not go gentle into that good night
Robert Bridges, Triolet
Paul Laurence Dunbar, We Wear the Mask
Elizabeth Bishop, Sestina
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
A. E. Stallings on Writing, On Form and Artifice
THINKING ABOUT A SONNET
CHECKLIST: Writing About a Sonnet
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON closed form
TERMS FOR REVIEW
24. Open Form
Denise Levertov, Ancient Stairway
FREE VERSE
E. E. Cummings, Buffalo Bill ’s
W. S. Merwin, For the Anniversary of My Death
William Carlos Williams, The Dance
Stephen Crane, The Heart
Walt Whitman, Cavalry Crossing a Ford
Ezra Pound, Salutation
Wallace Stevens, Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird
PROSE POETRY
Charles Simic, The Magic Study of Happiness
Gertrude Stein, from Tender Buttons
VISUAL POETRY
George Herbert, Easter Wings
John Hollander, Swan and Shadow
CONCRETE POETRY
Dorthi Charles, Concrete Cat
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
E. E. Cummings, in Just-
Francisco X. Alarcón, Frontera / Border
Carole Satyamurti, I Shall Paint My Nails Red
Naomi Shihab Nye, The Traveling Onion
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Walt Whitman on Writing, The Poetry of the Future
THINKING ABOUT FREE VERSE
CHECKLIST: Writing About Line Breaks
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON OPEN FORM
TERMS FOR REVIEW
25. Symbol
THE MEANINGS OF A SYMBOL
T. S. Eliot, The Boston Evening Transcript
Emily Dickinson, The Lightning is a yellow Fork
THE SYMBOLIST MOVEMENT
IDENTIFYING SYMBOLS
Thomas Hardy, Neutral Tones
ALLEGORY
Matthew, The Parable of the Good Seed
George Herbert, Redemption
Edwin Markham, Outwitted
Suji Kwock Kim, Occupation
Antonio Machado, Proverbios y Cantares (XXIX)
Translated by Dana Gioia, Traveler
Christina Rossetti, Up-Hill
FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY
William Carlos Williams, The Young Housewife
Ted Kooser, Carrie
Mary Oliver, Wild Geese
Tami Haaland, Lipstick
Lorine Niedecker, Popcorn-can cover
Wallace Stevens, The Snow Man
Wallace Stevens, Anecdote of the Jar
William Blake, The Tyger
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
William Butler Yeats on Writing, Poetic Symbols
THINKING ABOUT SYMBOLS
CHECKLIST: Writing About Symbols
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SYMBOLISM
TERMS FOR REVIEW
26. Myth and Narrative
The subjects and uses OF MYTH
origins OF MYTH
Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can Stay
William Wordsworth, The world is too much with us
H. D., Helen
Edgar Allan Poe, To Helen
ARCHETYPE
Louise Bogan, Medusa
John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci
PERSONAL MYTH
William Butler Yeats, The Second Coming
Diane Thiel, Memento Mori in Middle School
MYTH AND POPULAR CULTURE
Charles Martin, Taken Up
for review and further study
A. E. Stallings, First Love: A Quiz
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses
Anne Sexton, Cinderella
WRITING EFFECTIVELY
Diane Thiel on Writing, Map of Myth
THINKING ABOUT MYTH
CHECKLIST: Writing About Myth
TOPICS FOR WRITING ON MYTH
Sample Student Paper, The Bonds Between Love and Hatred in H. D.’s “Helen”
TERMS FOR REVIEW
27. Poetry and Personal Identity
CONFESSIONAL POETRY
Sylvia Plath, Lady Lazarus
IDENTITY POETICS
Rhina Espaillat, Bilingual/Bilingüe
CULTURE, RACE, AND ETHNICITY
Claude McKay, America
Shirley Geok-lin Lim, Riding into California
Francisco X. Alarcón, The X in My Name
Judith Ortiz Cofer, Quinceañera
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Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing, Portable Edition, MLA Update Edition, 13th Edition PDF Manual Solutions , PDF Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing, Portable Edition, MLA Update Edition, 13th Edition , Fast Download Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing, Portable Edition, MLA Update Edition, 13th Edition , X. J. Kennedy, Pitzer College Dana Gioia, University of Southern California,Category : Higher Education
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