Table of Contents
1. The First Peoples of the Americas.
The First Americans.
Coming to America.
Subsistence Strategies and the Development of Agriculture.
Sedentary Communities and Ceremonial Centers.
Ceremonial Centers in Mexico and Peru.
The Olmec: “Mother Culture” of Mexico?
Chavín de Huantar in Peru.
The Cities of Classic Mesoamerica.
Monte Albán.
Teotihuacan.
Maya Civilization in the Classic Era.
Peru after Chavín.
The Moche.
The Nazca.
Tiwanaku.
The Wari Empire.
Mesoamerica and Peru, 900-1400 CE.
The Toltecs.
The Mixtecs of Oaxaca.
The Postclassic Maya.
Peru after Tiwanaku and Wari.
The World of Early Americans.
People and Their Environment.
Early Americans and Their Beliefs.
Communities, States, and War.
Conclusion.
Latin American Lives: Pacal the Great, King of Palenque, 603-683 CE.
Slice of Life: The Craft Workers of Chan Chan, 1400 CE.
How Historians Understand: Archaeology, Literacy, & the Study of History.
2. Americans and Iberians on the Eve of Contact.
Mesoamerica in the Fifteenth Century.
The Rise of the Mexica.
Mexica Statecraft.
Mexica Religion.
Everyday Life in the Time of the Mexica.
Mesoamerica on the Eve of the Spanish Invasion.
The Andes in the Fifteenth Century.
The Rise of the Incas.
Inca Statecraft.
Andean Religion in the Time of the Incas.
Everyday Life in the Time of the Incas.
The Aztecs and Incas Compared.
The Diversity of American Peoples.
The Tainos and Caribs.
The Tupi of Coastal Brazil.
The “Pueblo” Peoples of New Mexico.
The Spanish and the Portuguese.
Centuries of Conquest.
Medieval Iberia and the Reconquista.
Iberian Monarchies in the Fifteenth Century.
The Breakdown of Iberian “Convivencia.”
Iberian Society in the Fifteenth Century.
Iberia and the Beginnings of Overseas Expansion.
Conclusion.
Latin American Lives: Tanta Carhua, Bride of the Sun.
Slice of Life: The Marketplace at Tlatelolco.
How Historians Understand: Counting People in Past Societies.
3. The European Conquest of America.
The Europeans Arrive.
Columbus and the First Encounters.
The Caribbean Colonies.
The Portuguese in Brazil.
The Spanish in Mesoamerica and the Andes.
Corés and the Aztecs.
The Search of “Otro México.”
The Pizarros and the Incas.
Military Conquest or Strategic Alliance?
Building a Colonial Society.
The Ecological Conquest.
Conquistadors, Encomenderos, and Native Peoples.
A Multi-Racial Society in Formation.
The “Spiritual Conquest” of Latin America.
Early Evangelization.
The Impact of Evangelization.
Resistance to Christianity.
The Consolidation of Colonial Empires.
The Viceroyalties of New Spain and Peru.
The Spanish Colonial Bureaucracy.
Royal Government in Brazil.
The Church in Spanish America and Brazil.
The Spanish and Portuguese Empires.
Conclusion.
Latin American Lives: Bartolomé de las Casas, 1474-1566.
Slice of Life: The Cuzco Cabildo Founds a Convent, 1551.
How Historians Understand: Malinche and the Uses of Historical Memory.
4. The Iberians New World.
The Lure of Precious Metals.
The Silver Boom.
Labor and Technology in Silver Mining.
Recruiting a Labor Supply.
Gold Mining in Brazil.
Agriculture.
Sugar Plantations and African Slavery.
Haciendas and Ranches.
Landownership.
Landed Elites.
Rural Society.
Trade and Transportation.
International Commerce.
Overland Transport.
Merchants.
Mercantile Restrictions.
Cities and Towns in the Iberians New World.
Capital Cities.
Provincial Capitals and Other Towns.
Urban Amenities.
Urban Working Class.
Conclusion.
Latin American Lives: Antonio López de Quiroga, Bolivian Entrepreneur.
Slice of Life: The Safra in Colonial Brazil.
How Historians Understand: Documenting Colonial Enterprise.
5. The Amerindians Changing World.
Native Communities in Mesoamerica and the Andes.
Shifting Populations in the República de Indios.
Local Government in the República de Indios.
Subsistence and Survival in the República de Indios.
Native Communities in the Cash Economy.
Families and Households in the República de Indios.
Religion and Community Life in the República de Indios.
Natives as Catholics.
Belief and Practice in the República de Indios.
Religion and Community Identity.
Mission Indians.
Jesuit and Franciscan Missions.
Native Peoples in the Jesuit and Franciscan Missions.
Mission Indians and Colonial Society.
Native Peoples and the Colonial Order.
Indians in the República de Españoles.
“Indios Bárbaros.”
Regional Revolts.
Native Historical Memory and the Colonial Order.
Conclusion.
Latin American Lives: Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala.
Slice of Life: The Founding of San Esteban de la Nueva Tlaxcala, 1591.
How Historians Understand: Measuring Acculturation Using Indigenous Language Sources.
6. A New People and Their World.
The Making of Multi-Ethnic Societies.
Spanish and Portuguese Immigrants.
Creoles.
Mestizos and Mamelucos.
African Slaves.
Slave Resistance.
Free Blacks and Mulatos.
Race and Class in Colonial Latin America.
Social and Cultural Definitions of Race.
Class and Ethnicity.
Honor, Gender, and Patriarchy.
Honor and the Patriarchal Family.
Marriage and the Family.
Honor and Sexuality.
Honor and Homosexuality.
The Limits of Patriarchy.
Convents: “Islands of Women.”
Convents and Colonial Society.
Conformity and Defiance in Colonial Society.
The Social Etiquette of Everyday Life.
The Administration of Justice.
The Inquisition and Deviant Behavior.
Rituals of Rule.
Scatological Songs and Dances of Defiance.
Conclusion.
Latin American Lives: Juana de Cobos, Baker in Chihuahua.
Slice of Life: Corpus Christi in Cuzco.
How Historians Understand: Parish Registers and the Study of Colonial Society.
7. The Shifting Fortunes of Colonial Empires.
The Spanish and Portuguese Empires in Eighteenth-Century Politics.
Great Britain and Latin America.
The Seven Years War.
The American Revolution and Latin America.
The French Revolution and Latin America.
The Haitian Revolution.
The “Bourbon Reforms.”
Defending the Spanish Empire.
Administrative Restructuring and New Viceroyalties.
The Power of the Church.
Economic Development.
Latin American Peoples in the Age of Revolution.
Social Change in the Late Colonial Period.
The Changing Face of Colonial Cities.
The Enlightenment in Latin America.
Resistance and Rebellion in the Late Colonial Period.
Developing Creole Consciousness.
Resistance to the Bourbon Reforms.
Revolts and Conspiracies in Brazil.
The Great Rebellion in Peru.
Conclusion.
Latin American Lives: José Gabriel de Condorcanqui, Tupac Amaru II.
Slice of Life: The Royal Tobacco Factory in Mexico City.
How Historians Understand: Revisionism and the Debate over Comparative Slavery.
8. The New Nations of Latin America.
Latin America on the Eve of Independence.
The Roots of Popular Unrest.
Social and Economic Changes in Mexico: The Bajío.
Latin America and the Crisis on 1808.
Representative Government in Spain and America, 1808-1814.
The “American Question.”
Popular Grievances and Turmoil in Spanish America.
Regional Rivalries in the Struggle for Spanish American Independence.
The Independence of Latin America.
Spanish American Independence.
The Portuguese Monarchy in Brazil.
The Independence of Brazil.
Conclusion.
Latin American Lives: Simón Bolívar and Manuela Sáenz.
Slice of Life: The Sixteenth of September: Independence Day.
How Historians Understand: Were the Wars of Independence the Turning Point?
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