Including Students with Special Needs: A Practical Guide for Classroom Teachers, 4th Edition PDF Manual Solutions

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Category : Higher Education

Table of Contents

Features

 

Preface

 

1. The Foundation for Educating Students with Special Needs

Learner Objectives  

Key Terms and Concepts  

What Key Terms and Concepts Define Special Education?  

            Least Restrictive Environment  

            Mainstreaming  

            Inclusive Practices  

How Did Today’s Special Education Services Come to Exist?  

            The Development of Education for Students with Disabilities  

            The Impact of the Civil Rights Movement on Special Education  

            The Legislative Basis for Contemporary Special Education  

What Are Current Perspectives on Inclusive Practices?  

            A Problem of Definition  

            Perceptions of School Professionals  

            Perceptions of Parents  

            Student Outcomes  

            Putting the Pieces Together  

Who Receives Special Education and Other Special Services?  

            Categories of Disability in Federal Law  

            Cross-Categorical Approaches to Special Education  

            Other Students with Special Needs  

Summary  

Applications in Teaching Practice: Understanding Contemporary Special Education Practices  

Working the Standards  

Further Readings  

2. Special Education Procedures and Services

Learner Objectives  

Key Terms and Concepts  

Who Are the Professionals in Special Education?  

            General Education Teachers  

            Special Education Teachers  

            Other Specialists and Related Service Providers  

How Can You Decide Whether a Student Need Might Be a Disability?  

            Analyze Unmet Needs  

            Communicate Your Observations and Try Your Own Interventions  

How Do Students Obtain Special Services?  

            Initial Consideration of Student Problems  

            The Special Education Referral and Assessment Process  

            Decision Making for Special Services  

            Monitoring Special Education Services  

What Is an Individualized Education Program?  

            Required Components of an IEP  

            The Value of IEPs  

What Services Do Students with Disabilities Receive?  

            Special Education and Related Services  

            Student Placement  

Summary  

Applications in Teaching Practice: A Visit to an MDT Meeting  

Working the Standards  

Further Readings  

3. Building Partnerships through Collaboration

Learner Objectives  

Key Terms and Concepts  

What Are the Basics of Collaboration?  

            Characteristics of Collaboration  

            Prerequisites for Collaboration  

What Are Effective Applications of Collaboration in Schools That Foster Inclusion?  

            Shared Problem Solving  

            Co-Teaching  

            Working on a Team  

            Consultation  

How Can You Work Effectively with Parents?  

            Understanding the Perspective of Family Members  

            Parents’ Reactions to Their Child’s Disability  

            Family-Centered Practices  

            Collaborating with Parents  

How Can You Work Effectively with Paraprofessionals?  

            Understanding Your Working Relationship with Paraprofessionals  

            Collaborating with Paraprofessionals  

Summary  

Applications in Teaching Practice: Collaboration in the Washington
School District  

Working the Standards  

Further Readings  

4. Assessing Student Needs

Learner Objectives  

Key Terms and Concepts  

How Do Your Student Assessments Contribute to Special Education Decisions?  

            Screening  

            Diagnosis  

            Program Placement  

            Curriculum Placement  

            Instructional Evaluation  

            Program Evaluation  

What Information Sources Are Used in Programming for Students with Special Needs?  

            High-Stakes Achievement Tests  

            Standardized Achievement Tests  

            Psychological Tests  

            Alternate Assessments  

            Curriculum-Based Assessments  

What Kinds of Curriculum-Based Assessments Can You Create for Your Students?  

            Probes of Basic Academic Skills  

            Content-Area Assessments  

How Are Curriculum-Based Probes Used to Make Special Education Decisions?  

            Peer Comparison in Screening  

            Fluency and Accuracy in Diagnosis  

            Skill Mastery and Curriculum Placement  

            Monitoring Student Progress and Instructional Evaluation  

Summary  

Applications in Teaching Practice: Collecting and Using Assessment
Information  

Working the Standards  

Further Readings  

5. Planning Instruction by Analyzing Classroom and Student Needs

Learner Objectives  

Key Terms and Concepts  

How Can the INCLUDE Strategy Help You Make Reasonable Adaptations for Students with Special Needs?  

            Step 1: Identify Classroom Demands  

            Step 2: Note Student Learning Strengths and Needs  

            Step 3: Check for Potential Areas of Student Success  

            Step 4: Look for Potential Problem Areas  

            Step 5: Use Information to Brainstorm Adaptations  

            Step 6: Decide Which Adaptations to Implement  

            Step 7: Evaluate Student Progress  

How Is an Inclusive Classroom Organized?  

            Physical Organization  

            Routines for Classroom Business  

            Classroom Climate  

            Classroom Rules  

            Monitoring  

            The Use of Time  

How Can You Group All Your Students for Instruction in Inclusive Classrooms?  

            Whole-Class or Large-Group Instruction  

            Small-Group Instruction  

            One-to-One Instruction  

How Can You Evaluate Instructional Materials for Inclusive Classrooms?  

            Textbooks  

            Manipulatives and Models  

            Technology  

How Can You Analyze Instructional Methods in Relation to Student Needs?  

            Elements of Direct Instruction  

            Indirect Methods of Instruction  

            Scaffolding  

            Independent Student Practice  

            Evaluation of Student Performance  

Summary  

Applications in Teaching Practice: Planning Adaptations in the Instructional Environment  

Working the Standards  

Further Readings  

6. Students with Low-Incidence Disabilities

Learner Objectives  

Key Terms and Concepts  

What Are Low-Incidence Disabilities?  

What Accommodations Can You Make for Students with Moderate, Severe, or Multiple Disabilities?  

            Students with Moderate to Severe Intellectual Disabilities  

            Accommodations for Students with Moderate to Severe Intellectual Disabilities  

            Students with Multiple Disabilities  

            Deaf-Blindness  

What Accommodations Can You Make for Students with Sensory Impairments?  

            Students with Visual Impairments  

            Students with Hearing Loss  

            Accommodations for Students with Visual Impairments  

            Accommodations for Students Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing  

What Accommodations Can You Make for Students with Physical, Medical, or Health Disabilities?  

            Orthopedic Impairments  

            Other Health Impairments  

            Traumatic Brain Injury  

What Accommodations Can You Make for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders?  

            Characteristics of Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders  

            Accommodations for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders  

Summary  

Applications in Teaching Practice: Planning Adaptations for Students with Low-Incidence Disabilities

Working the Standards  

Further Readings  

7. Students with High-Incidence Disabilities

Learner Objectives  

Key Terms and Concepts  

What Are High-Incidence Disabilities?  

What Accommodations Can You Make for Students with Communication Disorders?  

            Understanding Speech Problems  

            Understanding Language Problems  

            Accommodations for Students with Communication Disorders  

What Are the Academic Needs of Students with Learning and Behavioral Disabilities?  

            Reading Skills  

            Written Language Skills  

            Math Skills  

            Learning Skills  

What Are the Social and Emotional Needs of Students with Learning and Behavioral
Disabilities?  

            Interpersonal Skills  

            Personal and Psychological Adjustment  

What Accommodations Can You Make for Students with Learning and Behavioral
Disabilities?  

            Addressing Academic Needs  

            Addressing Social and Emotional Needs  

Summary  

Applications in Teaching Practice: Using the INCLUDE Strategy with Students with High-Incidence Disabilities  

Working the Standards  

Further Readings  

8. Other Students with Special Needs

Learner Objectives  

Key Terms and Concepts  

Which Students Are Protected by Section 504?  

            Understanding Section 504  

            Section 504 and Students with Medical and Health Needs  

How Can You Accommodate Students with Attention Deficit—Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?  

            Characteristics and Needs of Students with Attention Deficit—Hyperactivity Disorder  

            Interventions for Students with Attention Deficit—Hyperactivity Disorder  

            Families of Children with Attention Deficit—Hyperactivity Disorder  

How Can You Accommodate Students Who Are Gifted and Talented?  

            Characteristics and Needs of Students Who Are Gifted and Talented  

            Cognitive Abilities and Academic Skills  

            Interventions for Students Who Are Gifted and Talented  

What Are the Needs of Students from Culturally Diverse Backgrounds?  

            Diversity and Special Education  

            Cultural Awareness  

            Families and Diversity  

            Multicultural and Bilingual Education  

How Can You Meet the Needs of Students Who Are at Risk?  

            Characteristics and Needs of Students at Risk  

            Interventions for Students at Risk  

Summary  

Applications in Teaching Practice: Diversity in a High School Class  

Working the Standards  

Further Readings  

9. Instructional Adaptations    

Learner Objectives  

Key Terms and Concepts  

How Can You Make Accommodations for Students with Special Needs in Basic Skills Instruction?  

            Teaching Preskills  

            Selecting and Sequencing Examples  

            Deciding the Rate of Introduction of New Skills  

            Providing Direct Instruction and Opportunities for Practice and Review  

How Can You Make Accommodations for Students with Special Needs When Teaching Subject-Area Content?  

            Activating Background Knowledge  

            Organizing Content  

            Teaching Terms and Concepts  

How Can You Improve Clarity in Written and Oral Communication?  

            Clarity in Written Communication  

            Clarity in Oral Communication  

How Can You Involve Parents in Teaching Their Children?  

What Adaptations Can You Make to Help Students
            Succeed in Independent Practice?  

            Adapting Seatwork Assignments  

            Providing Feedback on Independent Practice Activities  

            Adapting Homework Assignments  

            Involving Parents in the Homework Process  

            Making Instructional Modifications for Students with Moderate to Severe Disabilities  

Summary  

Applications in Teaching Practice: Developing a Repertoire of Instructional Adaptations  

Working the Standards  

Further Readings  

10. Strategies for Independent Learning        

Learner Objectives  

Key Terms and Concepts  

How Can You Encourage Student Self-Awareness and Self-Advocacy?  

How Can You Effectively Teach Independent Learning Strategies in Class?  

            Assessing Current Strategy Use  

            Clarifying Expectations  

            Demonstrating Strategy Use  

            Encouraging Students to Memorize Strategy Steps  

            Providing Guided and Independent Practice  

            Administering Posttests  

What Are Some Examples of Successful Learning Strategies?  

            Word Identification and Reading Fluency Strategies  

            Vocabulary Strategies  

            Reading Comprehension Strategies  

            Listening and Note-Taking Strategies  

            Writing Strategies  

            Strategies for Using Technology to Improve Student Writing  

            Strategies for Problem Solving in Math  

            Strategies for Managing Time and Resources  

How Can Students Learn to Use Strategies Independently?  

            Self-Instruction  

            Self-Monitoring  

            Self-Questioning  

            Self-Reinforcement  

Summary  

Applications in Teaching Practice: Designing Strategies for Independence  

Working the Standards  

Further Readings  

11. Evaluating Student Learning        

Learner Objectives  

Key Terms and Concepts  

How Can Classroom Tests Be Adapted for Students with Special Needs?  

            Adaptations before the Test  

            Adaptations during the Test  

            Adaptations after the Test  

How Can Report Card Grades Be Adapted for Students with Special Needs?  

            Changes to Letter and Number Grades  

            Making Grading Adaptations for Students with Disabilities  

How Can Performance-Based Assessment Benefit Students with Special Needs?  

How Can Portfolio Assessment Benefit Students with Special Needs?  

Summary  

Applications in Teaching Practice: Adapting Evaluations for Students with Special Needs  

Working the Standards  

Further Readings  

12. Responding to Student Behavior  

Learner Objectives  

Key Terms and Concepts  

What Are Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports?  

How Can You Prevent Discipline Problems?  

            Instructional Environments Conducive to Learning  

            Effective Classroom Communication  

            Effective Teaching Methods  

            Schoolwide Strategies  

How Can You Promote Positive Group Behavior?  

            Token Economy  

            Other Peer-Mediated Approaches  

What Are Effective Strategies for Responding to Minor Individual Behaviors?  

            Use Minimum Interventions  

            Manage Students’ Surface Behaviors  

How Can Functional Behavior Assessment Help You Respond to Serious Individual Behaviors?  

            Rationale for Functional Behavior Assessment  

            Verifying the Seriousness of the Problem  

            Defining the Problem Behavior  

            Collecting Data to Better Understand the Behavior  

            Analyzing the Data and Forming Hypotheses  

            Developing a Behavior Intervention Plan  

            Implementing the Plan  

            Monitoring the Plan’s Effectiveness  

What Are Effective Strategies for Responding to Serious Individual Behaviors?  

            Increasing Desirable Behaviors  

            Decreasing Undesirable Behaviors  

            Using Behavior Contracts  

How Can You Help Students Manage Their Own Behavior?  

            Cognitive Behavior Management Strategies  

            Teaching Cognitive Behavior Management Strategies  

Summary  

Applications in Teaching Practice: Developing Strategies for Responding to Individual Student Behavior  

Working the Standards  

Further Readings  

13. Building Social Relationships       

Learner Objectives  

Key Terms and Concepts  

What Is Your Role in Promoting Positive Social Interactions among Students with and without
Disabilities?  

            Creating Opportunities for Social Interactions  

            Nurturing Support and Friendship  

            Providing Positive Role Models  

How Can You Provide Education about Individuals with Disabilities?  

            Informing through Direct Instruction  

            Using Video and Print Media  

            Demonstrating and Using Adaptive Technology  

How Can You Develop and Support Peer Tutoring?  

            Developing Peer Tutoring Programs  

            Supporting Peer Tutoring Programs  

How Can You Use Cooperative Learning Strategies to Facilitate Social Inclusion?  

            The Rationale for Cooperative Learning  

            Characteristics of Cooperative Learning Approaches  

            Developing Cooperative Learning Programs  

How Can You Help Students with Disabilities Improve Their Social Skills?  

            Using Informal Instruction  

            Using Behavioral Interventions  

            Using Social Skills Training Programs  

            Final Thoughts About Inclusion and the INCLUDE Strategy  

Summary  

Applications in Teaching Practice: Planning for Promoting Positive Peer
Relations  

Working the Standards  

Further Readings  

Glossary  

 

References  

 

Name Index  

 

Subject Index  

 

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INSTANAT DOWNLOAD Including Students with Special Needs: A Practical Guide for Classroom Teachers, 4th Edition by Marilyn Friend, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro William D. Bursuck, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro PDF Manual Solutions

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